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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication to treat the condition. It can ease symptoms, but it can also cause negative side effects. If you experience adverse reactions, consult your GP about them. The most frequently prescribed medication prescribed by healthcare providers for ADHD is stimulants. These drugs increase the levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that control the attention span and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in children and adults, is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by increasing the activity of brain regions that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate can also be used to treat other conditions like narcolepsy. It can help those suffering from narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Following the exact dosage recommended can decrease the chance for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in certain people. It can also worsen the behavior and tics of patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, those suffering from these conditions should consult their doctor. Consult your physician if there are any other health concerns or if you are allergic to any food or dyes. (For instance tartrazine is a yellow color that is found in processed food items and in some medicines. If you're taking Adhansia, XR). Methylphenidate can interact with certain drugs such as opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or the tranylcypromine. Avoid drinking alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. These drugs can have a negative impact on your heart rate and blood pressure. The methylphenidate tablets that are immediate-release (Ritalin) and the long-acting chewable tablet and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be risky if you have an inherited condition known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant medication is a brain stimulant and improves mood. It also reduces symptoms of ADHD. It is also used for depression and seasonal depression (SAD) which can occur during the fall-winter months. It can also be used to help people stop smoking cigarettes by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Bupropion has been proven to reduce ADHD symptoms in adults in numerous studies. The pooled fixed-effect RR for improvement in week 6 (using a clinically meaningful change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% 95% confidence interval 0.95 to 1.37) and overall response the proportion of better subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group compared with 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion can have serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions various medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure medications. It may also increase seizure risk for those with a history of high blood pressure or seizures. It is not recommended in certain medical conditions and women who are pregnant or nursing are not advised to take it. Bupropion comes in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs, are a class of drugs that work by altering brain chemicals. They were among the first antidepressants to be developed. While they aren't considered a first-line treatment for depression but they can be effective for some people. They block the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, which increases the amount of serotonin that is available to neurons. They can be used to treat a variety of other disorders such as pain syndromes, enuresis like fibromyalgia, as well as phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are prescribed on their own or combined with stimulants. They can reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and help reduce depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. Additionally, they can assist in reducing the tics, which are repetitive, uncontrollable movements or sounds like clearing the throat or blinking. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as dry mouth, sedation and constipation, and can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular issues. They can interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics and should be avoided in pregnant women. They are also known to cause teratogenic reactions in animals and they can cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if concerned. There are newer antidepressants that are less likely of adverse negative effects. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibition (SSRIs). The SSRIs are a type of antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and increase the amount of available serotonin for signaling. They also reduce anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are commonly used to treat adhd as they can assist some people with their symptoms and work well when used in conjunction with other medications. Examples of SSRIs are paroxetine, sertraline, fluoxetine, and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from your body, however they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in varying blood concentrations. These medications can also be prescribed to treat other disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder and bulimia nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine and escitalopram and sertraline are able to reduce PTSD core symptoms. They don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs could cause a uncommon side effect, referred to as sexual dysfunction. It is essential to discuss this with your physician if you are considering taking one of these drugs. Many people have to try a few different types of ADHD medication before finding the one that works for them. Research and development of new medication is ongoing. It is important to tell your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) When stimulant drugs don't work for adults with ADHD doctors typically prescribe an antidepressant, also known as a selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). These medications increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also improve mood and decrease anxiety and depression. SNRIs can cause similar negative effects to TCAs however, they are more secure. They are prescribed for a variety of conditions including anxiety disorders, long-term pain such as fibromyalgia and nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression, too. Examples of SNRIs are duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These drugs block the reabsorption of norepinephrine into the brain that is a normal process after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal release of norepinephrine in a phasic manner. The increased norepinephrine levels help improve concentration and mood. SNRIs aren't approved by the FDA for treating ADHD however, certain doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are most often taken orally as pills, however, they can also be taken in the form of patches or liquids. In April 2021, the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in kids and adolescents. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential to be abused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that affect the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine within the brain. They are used to treat anxiety and depression disorders, but they can also aid in controlling symptoms of ADHD. SNRI medications such as duloxetine or venlafaxine have been demonstrated in several studies to significantly lower scores on various ADHD questionnaires. SNRIs may increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. It is crucial to consult with a doctor prior to taking these medications. Additionally, improperly disposed medication can harm both people and animals. It is therefore important to follow the correct disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs are not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD, but doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, and have less adverse effects than stimulants. Speak to your doctor and discuss the symptoms of your child. SNRIs may not be suitable for everyone. For instance, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not use SNRIs as they could pass into breast milk. People with high blood pressure or liver problems should not take these drugs, either, because they can increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake inhibitors (DARPIs) Many people suffering from ADHD discover that medication can help increase their focus and concentration. Some individuals may also notice a reduction in impulsive behavior. The treatment is usually paired with behavior therapy and training, which aid people to manage their symptoms. It takes time to find the right dosage and dosage for each individual. During this time doctors will be monitoring the physical reactions of patients to find a balance between benefits and side effects. The stimulant drugs, like methylphenidate, increase the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, however, they may have serious side effects, including decreased appetite and trouble sleeping. medication for adhd go away within several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Adults and children alike can use non-stimulant drugs. They take longer to start working, but they are able to increase concentration and control of impulses. They may include alpha-2 adrenergic receptors (atomoxetine viloxazine) and Guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants also treat ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that assists with mood swings and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant, has been prescribed to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers created extended-release versions, and the FDA approved the use of it as treatment.